Prayer flags date back thousands of years to the Bon
tradition of pre-Buddhist Tibet. Bon shaman made and hung prayer flags
in five colours representing the five elements – earth, air,
water, fire, and space. According to Eastern medicine, health and
harmony are produced through the balance of these five elements. It was
thought that properly arranged coloured flags around a sick patient
harmonized the elements in his body, helping to produce a state of
physical and mental health. The flags were also used to help appease
the local gods and spirits of the mountains, valleys, lakes and streams
as protection against natural disasters and disease.
As Buddhism spread from India during the first millennium AD it
incorporated some of the earlier Bon traditions. Sacred mantras and
iconographies were painted onto the Bon flags, thus creating the
beginnings of what have now become known as Tibetan prayer flags.
Originally the writing and images on prayer flags were hand-painted.
When in the 15th century carved woodblocks were introduced from China,
it became possible to reproduce identical prints of the same design.
Traditional designs could then be easily passed down through the
generations.
Most prayer flag designs were created by famous Buddhist masters and
then copied by lay craftsmen. There are relatively few basic designs
and no real innovations to the printing process have occurred in the
past 500 years. Most of the prayer flags imported to the West today are
still woodblock printed, although some are now being produced using
prints made from zinc faced blocks that can be etched photographically.
This allows for finer detail than the hand carved woodblocks. Natural
stone ground pigments have been replaced by printing inks. Most of the
traditional prayer flags today are made in Nepal and India by Tibetan
refugees or by Nepali Buddhists from the Tibetan border regions
Meaning and Use
Tibetan prayer flags are known as
‘Lungta’ among Tibetans which translates as
‘Windhorse’.
The most common flags have the Ghachenchemon mantra script contents on
them. The literal translation of this is the ‘highest
umbrella’ which gives the protection of enlightened prayer to
its followers. The mantra invokes the wish that all sentient beings
should have a rich life of achievement, free of fear, pain, misery,
ignorance, illness, and failure.
Usually the Windhorse image is at the centre of a set of five
flags, often with four supernatural and symbolic creatures at each
corner: the dragon, the Garuda, the snow lion and the tiger. The
Windhorse gallops like the wind carrying the wish fulfilling jewel
which radiates peace, prosperity and harmony. The Windhorse symbolises
the accomplishment of positive work by the elimination of all
hindrances. Other flags may carry images of auspicious symbols,
protectors and enlightened beings.
Prayer flags may be hung either inside a building for good luck and to
increase the spiritual atmosphere, or outdoors where the wind can carry
their prayers and beneficent vibrations across the countryside.
Traditionally they are hung from the highest points, such as eaves and
trees, or fastened to wooden poles for vertical display.